Exploring Long Red Runner Rugs: Aesthetic and Functional Insights

Elegant long red runner rug in a modern hallway

Intro

Long red runner rugs hold a significant place in interior design, characterized not just by their striking color but also by their versatile functionality. These rugs can enhance the aesthetic quality of a space while serving practical needs. Homeowners and design enthusiasts alike find themselves drawn to the way a simple rug can impact the overall ambiance and style of a room.

By examining their design trends, practical benefits, and the proper techniques for placement, we aim to provide insightful perspectives that showcase how long red runner rugs can transform environments and reflect personal taste.

Design Trends

When selecting a long red runner rug, understanding current design trends can be essential. The right design will not only complement your space but also elevate your overall style.

Current Popular Styles

Several styles dominate the market today:

Traditional: Often featuring intricate patterns and classic motifs, this style adds a timelessness to any space.
Modern Minimalist: These rugs focus on simplicity and clean lines, showcasing the rich hue of red without excessive detailing.
Bohemian: Vibrant and eclectic, Bohemian designs are ideal for promoting a warm atmosphere. The red can be mixed with other colors for a more artistic effect.
Scandinavian: Known for their warmth and coziness, Scandinavian-style runner rugs often incorporate red in subtle designs that harmonize with natural wood tones.

Color Palettes for Modern Spaces

In addition to styles, color palettes significantly influence the choice of long red runner rugs. The following combinations are widely recommended:

Neutrals: Whites, grays, and beige can create a calm backdrop, allowing the red to stand out boldly.
Earth Tones: Browns, olives, and ochres create a rustic feel, pairing well with red's vibrancy.
Bold Contrasts: Mixing red with deep blues or charcoal can produce a striking visual impact, enhancing the room's character.

"A carefully chosen rug can not only unify a room's aesthetic but also underscore the personality of its inhabitants."

Practical Benefits

Long red runner rugs offer more than just visual appeal. They serve various practical purposes within the home.

Safety: Placing a rug in high-traffic areas can reduce slips and falls, especially on hard surfaces.
Comfort: They provide a comfortable surface underfoot, making spaces more inviting, especially in entryways and hallways.
Acoustics: Rugs can help absorb sound, contributing to a quieter environment, which is particularly useful in open-plan spaces.

Placement Strategies

Placement is crucial when it comes to maximizing the aesthetic and functional benefits of long red runner rugs. Consider these strategies:

Entryways: Positioning a runner rug in an entryway can create a warm welcome for guests.
Hallways: Long corridors can benefit from the elongation effect a runner provides, making them feel wider and more open.
Kitchens: A vibrant rug can add warmth to kitchen spaces, particularly in areas where foot traffic is high.

End

Long red runner rugs are more than just decorative items; they play an essential role in enhancing comfort, safety, and style. By understanding design trends, practical benefits, and placement strategies, homeowners can utilize these rugs effectively to reflect their individual aesthetic. With the right choice, a long red runner rug can enhance your living space, ensuring it remains both functional and visually compelling.

Preamble to Long Red Runner Rugs

Long red runner rugs serve as versatile elements in home decor, influencing both aesthetics and functionality. Their unique length and vibrant color create focal points in various spaces, enhancing the visual appeal of hallways, kitchens, and dining areas. Understanding the attributes of long red runner rugs and their historical significance provides valuable insights into their role in contemporary interior design.

Incorporating a long red runner rug can transform the atmosphere of a room. The nature of the color red may evoke emotions like warmth and energy, making it an apt choice for inviting spaces. Functionally, these rugs contribute to comfort and noise reduction, making high-traffic areas more enjoyable.

Homeowners and design enthusiasts will find that long red runner rugs are not only decorative but also practical. For those hosting gatherings or parties, these rugs can set the tone, guiding guests through the home while adding a splash of color. Thus, recognizing the importance of these rugs leads to informed decisions when selecting home decor, ultimately enhancing personal style and functionality in living spaces.

Definition and Characteristics

Long red runner rugs are elongated carpets typically designed to extend along narrow spaces. Ranging in size from three to ten feet in length, they often feature rich red dyes that can vary widely in shade and texture. The primary characteristics include:

Dimensions: Their length allows flexible placement in various environments.
Color Range: The color red in these rugs can vary from bright cherry to deep burgundy.
Material Variety: Available in natural fibers like wool or synthetic options such as nylon, they serve different aesthetic and practical purposes.

Additionally, these rugs can have numerous patterns, from solid hues to intricate designs, enabling customization for different decor themes.

Historical Significance of Runner Rugs

Long runner rugs have deep historical roots that trace back centuries. Historically, runners were crafted for royalty and affluent homes, often showcasing intricate designs and high-quality materials. They served not just as decorative items but as symbols of wealth and status.

In various cultures, runners had practical uses; they provided warmth and insulation in cold climates and protected floors from wear. Over time, the evolution of weaving techniques allowed for more diverse styles, further embedding runner rugs into global interior design practices.

Today, long red runner rugs maintain this historical significance, blending tradition with contemporary design. Homeowners can choose pieces that reflect their personal history or values, making each selection a meaningful addition to their environment.

Aesthetic Value in Design

Long red runner rugs play a significant role in aesthetics within interior spaces. They are not merely decorative items; they enhance the overall design and feel of a room. The impact of these rugs goes beyond their vibrant color. Their placement, size, and pattern can define a space and create a focal point.

Long red runner rug enhancing a rustic dining area

The aesthetic value of long red runner rugs lies in their versatility. They can complement both modern and traditional decor, acting as a bridge between various styles. This adaptability makes them a favored choice for many homeowners, particularly those keen on interior design. By choosing a long red runner rug, one can elevate the ambiance of hallways, living rooms, or dining areas.

Focusing on specific elements of aesthetics, long red runner rugs bring warmth and richness. Red is a color often associated with energy and passion. Its presence can stimulate conversation and engagement in a room, making it an ideal choice for social spaces.

In addition, these rugs can enhance other design elements. For instance, they can provide a contrast to lighter walls or furniture, creating depth. Alternatively, when paired with neutral tones, a red runner rug can inject a burst of color without overwhelming the design.

Benefits of Aesthetic Value:

Creates focal points in spaces.
Enhances warmth and energy.
Complements a variety of decor styles.
Allows for personal expression through color and design choices.

In summary, the aesthetic value of long red runner rugs is multifaceted. They contribute significantly to the interior appearance, making spaces inviting and visually appealing. When integrated thoughtfully, they reflect both functionality and individual taste.

Color Psychology of Red

Red is a color that evokes strong emotional responses. In the context of interior design, its psychological effects are particularly relevant. It can stimulate the senses and create an inviting atmosphere. The use of red in decor, especially through long runner rugs, can lead to feelings of warmth and comfort.

From a psychological perspective, red is often linked to love, passion, and excitement. Its boldness can draw attention, making spaces feel alive and vibrant. Using red runner rugs can encourage interaction and socialization, which is useful in areas meant for gathering.

Employing this color strategically transforms how a room feels. Using it in moderation through textiles like rugs, delivers the benefits without overwhelming the design. This careful balance between stimulation and comfort is a powerful aspect of the color's psychological impact.

Design Trends Incorporating Red Rugs

The use of long red runner rugs aligns with several current design trends. Minimalism, for instance, embraces simple forms and clean lines. When used in such a context, a bold red rug can serve as a striking contrast. This not only enhances the minimalistic approach but also introduces warmth into the space.

Another trend is the embrace of mixed materials and textures. Red rugs made from various fabrics can be incorporated easily. The combined use of patterns can create depth and visual interest without being overly complex. Homeowners and designers look for ways to incorporate variety, and red rugs can achieve this.

"Integrating red rugs into modern aesthetics balances bold expressions with functional decor."

Additionally, biophilic design, which seeks to connect interior spaces with nature, has a place for red rug usage. Shades of red can mirror natural elements like autumn leaves, adding a touch of nature-inspired warmth to the design.

Practical Functions of Runner Rugs

Long red runner rugs serve essential roles beyond mere aesthetics in interior design. Their practical functions contribute significantly to the atmosphere of various spaces, enhancing comfort, acoustics, and spatial arrangement. These rugs can create inviting environments, making spaces feel warmer and more welcoming. They also offer solutions to common issues found in homes and gardens. When considering these rugs, understanding their functionality becomes crucial for homeowners and design enthusiasts alike.

Noise Reduction and Comfort

One of the notable functions of runner rugs is their ability to reduce noise levels in a home. Hard flooring, such as tile or wood, can amplify sounds and create echoes, which may lead to an uncomfortable environment, especially in open-concept living spaces.

By placing a long red runner rug on these surfaces, you effectively absorb sound, promoting a quieter atmosphere. Additionally, the softness of the rug provides comfort underfoot, which is particularly beneficial in high-traffic areas like hallways or dining rooms.

The warmth of a rug can contribute to a cozy ambiance, making a house feel like a home. It provides a soft surface for standing or walking, reducing fatigue during social gatherings or while working in the kitchen.

"Rugs do not only beautify a space; they are functional tools for enhancing comfort and reducing noise."

Defining Spaces within Interiors

Runner rugs also play a crucial role in delineating spaces within larger areas. In open floor plans, it can often be challenging to separate distinct zones that serve different purposes. A long red runner rug can effectively create boundaries without the need for physical walls.

For instance, a runner leading from the entryway can guide guests into a living area, while another rug can mark the dining space. This visual cue not only helps in organizing the layout but also adds a layer of design complexity to the space.

In hallways, runners can elongate the look of the corridor, drawing the eye and creating a sense of flow. The use of color and pattern can also add interest, making a corridor more inviting and ensuring that spaces connect seamlessly. Ultimately, integrating functional long red runner rugs into your decor can significantly enhance the usability and aesthetics of your home.

Materials Used in Long Red Runner Rugs

The materials used in long red runner rugs are crucial in determining their aesthetic and functional qualities. Selection of the right material influence how the rug looks, feels, and performs in different environments. Homeowners and interior design enthusiasts should recognize that each material carries specific characteristics and benefits that impact durability, maintenance, and overall style.

When choosing a runner rug, it is essential to understand both common materials and their properties. These materials can significantly enhance the design impact while serving various practical functions. Similarly, one must consider the long-term implications of material choice in relation to durability and wear. Understanding these elements can help in making informed decisions that reflect personal preference and suit the intended space.

Common Materials and Their Properties

Long red runner rugs are available in various materials, each contributing unique attributes to the design. Some of the most commonly used materials include:

Wool: Renowned for its softness and warmth, wool is a natural fiber that resists stains and dirt. Its durability ensures the rug withstands heavy foot traffic, making it ideal for both living rooms and hallways.
Nylon: This synthetic material is known for its strength and resilience. It is highly resistant to color fading and holds up well in high-traffic areas. Additionally, nylon rugs are easy to clean, adding to their practical appeal.
Polyester: Another synthetic option, polyester rugs are soft and colorful. They offer good stain resistance but may not match wool in terms of durability. However, their affordability makes them a popular choice for casual settings.
Jute: Defined by its natural textures, jute provides an organic appeal. It is not as soft as wool or nylon, but jute rugs are eco-friendly and bring a rustic charm to any space. However, they may not be suitable for high-moisture areas.

"Material choice is a fundamental element in the functionality and aesthetic of long red runner rugs. The right selection can enhance the space significantly."

Impact of Material on Durability

Stylish long red runner rug in a contemporary living room

Durability is a significant consideration when choosing a runner rug. The material used directly affect how well the rug withstands wear and tear over time. For instance, wool, due to its inherent properties, offers excellent durability and can absorb moisture without losing its structure. As a natural fiber, it has resilience, which is reflected in its longevity.

In contrast, while synthetic materials like nylon and polyester provide toughness, they tend to have varying degrees of resilience. Nylon, being the stronger option, can resist abrasion and maintain its appearance longer under stress. For high-traffic areas, nylon may be the more sensible option, maintaining its hue and structure even after extensive use.

On the other hand, jute, while stylish, can be less durable, especially in damp conditions. Although it is strong, it can be susceptible to breaking down in humid environments.

Ultimately, understanding the materials' properties and their impact on durability allows homeowners to make informed selections. This way, long red runner rugs can effectively serve their purpose while elevating the interior design.

Care and Maintenance of Runner Rugs

Long red runner rugs add both style and utility to any space. However, their beauty and functionality hinge on regular care and maintenance. This section examines why proper maintenance is crucial, highlights important considerations, and outlines effective strategies to ensure these rugs remain in top condition.

Importance of Care
Maintaining runner rugs is essential not just for aesthetic purposes but also for longevity. Regular cleaning and appropriate care can prevent dirt accumulation, which can damage fibers over time. Moreover, proper maintenance helps preserve the vibrant color of the red fabric, allowing rugs to stay appealing and bright in various environments.

"A well-maintained rug can transform a space, providing warmth and style. Neglect, however, leads to a decline that is often irreversible."

Benefits of Regular Maintenance

Prolongs Life of the Rug:
Regular cleaning and care extend the lifespan of the rug, making it a worthy investment.
Enhances Appearance:
Proper maintenance keeps colors bright and patterns clear, maintaining the overall aesthetics of the room.
Health Benefits:
Rugs can trap allergens and dust. Regular cleaning reduces these health hazards, providing a healthier environment.
Preserves Value:
For high-quality rugs, good maintenance can aid in retaining resale value if ever needed.

Maintaining a long red runner rug requires understanding its fabric and structure. Different materials need different care approaches.

Cleaning Techniques for Different Fabrics

The cleaning method for a runner rug can depend significantly on its material. Here are several common fabrics and the recommended cleaning techniques:

Wool Rugs:
Wool is resilient but can be sensitive to harsh cleaning agents. For wool rugs, a simple solution of mild detergent and water works well. Using a soft-bristle brush, gently scrub the area, followed by thorough rinsing with cold water. Avoid soaking the rug completely.
Synthetic Rugs:
Often durable and easy to clean, synthetic materials like polypropylene can be cleaned with a mixture of vinegar and water. Machine washing is often appropriate as well, but always check the label first.
Silk Rugs:
These require special care. Vacuuming should be done carefully, and any stains must be treated immediately, often needing professional help to avoid further damage.
Natural Fiber Rugs:
These can absorb stains easily. Spot cleaning with dry methods is recommended, using a damp cloth to tackle the stain while ensuring not to over-saturate the material.

Preventing Wear and Tear

To avoid the common pitfalls of wear and tear, consider the following preventive measures:

Regular Vacuuming:
Vacuuming at least once a week prevents dirt buildup. Use the vacuum without the beater bar on to avoid pulling threads.
Rug Pads:
Use non-slip pads beneath your rug to reduce friction against the floor. This helps in preventing the rug from moving and wearing out unevenly.
Rotation:
Periodically rotating the rug helps to avoid uneven wear, especially if certain areas receive more foot traffic than others.
Avoid Direct Sunlight:
Over time, exposure to sunlight can fade colors and damage fibers. If possible, place runner rugs away from direct light or use window treatments.
Addressing Stains Promptly:
Stains should be addressed immediately to prevent them from setting into the fibers. Blot, do not rub, the stain to lift it without damaging the rug.

By implementing these cleaning techniques and preventive strategies, homeowners can enjoy the lasting beauty and function of their long red runner rugs. With commitment to care, these valuable decor elements can remain timeless highlights in any setting.

Styles and Placement in Different Rooms

The styles and placement of long red runner rugs hold significant importance in home aesthetics. These rugs not only add a splash of color but also create visual coherence in living spaces. Selecting the right style and placement can enhance the functionality of a room, and ensure that the rug complements existing decor.

When considering placement, it is essential to balance the size of the rug with the dimensions of the room. A well-placed runner can elongate a space, guiding the eye and creating a pathway. It is also important to think about the existing color palette and textures within the room. Long red runner rugs can harmonize with minimalist designs or stand out boldly in more eclectic environments.

In addition to aesthetics, practical considerations such as traffic flow, safety, and durability must be evaluated. Understanding these factors leads to an informed choice that elevates the overall design. Here we will unpack specific applications in various rooms.

Living Room Applications

In the living room, long red runner rugs can serve as a striking focal point. This space often functions as a social hub, where family and guests gather. Placing a runner can help define seating areas, especially in open-concept layouts. For instance, a long runner placed beneath a coffee table can anchor the seating arrangement, creating a cohesive look.

Furthermore, the tone of red in the rug can set the mood of the room. Warm, deep reds may evoke a sense of coziness, while brighter red hues can energize the space. The texture can also influence the atmosphere; a plush runner can add warmth, making the room inviting.

Utilization in Hallways and Entryways

Hallways and entryways frequently serve as transitional spaces. A long red runner in these areas can enhance flow and guide movement throughout the home. In contrast to bare wood or tile, a rug can provide a soft underfoot feel, making these paths more welcoming.

Consider placing a runner on the entrance side leading into the living areas. This not only adds aesthetic appeal but also helps minimize dirt and debris entering the main living spaces. Choose materials that are easy to clean, as these areas see heavier foot traffic.

Additionally, these rugs can reflect personal style immediately upon entry, making a statement even before guests explore the rest of the home.

Runner Rugs in Dining Areas

In dining areas, a long red runner can define the dining space and create a lively atmosphere. Placing a runner beneath the dining table can add visual continuity, especially in larger rooms. This application can also protect flooring from scratches caused by chairs moving in and out.

When selecting a runner for the dining area, ensure it is proportionate to the table size, providing enough space for chairs without them catching on the rug edges. Durability and ease of cleaning are also crucial, as spills are more likely to occur in this area. A vibrant red can complement wooden tones in furniture or contrast with cooler colors for dynamic balance.

Utilizing long red runner rugs in dining areas not only enhances comfort but contributes to a vibrant and welcoming dining experience.

Long Red Runner Rugs in Contemporary Design

Long red runner rug adding warmth to an entryway

Long red runner rugs are more than mere decorative items in modern interiors; they serve as a bridge between functionality and aesthetics. Their presence in contemporary design is crucial because they enhance the overall ambiance while providing practical benefits. Homeowners, interior design enthusiasts, and anyone looking to elevate their space will find that long red runner rugs contribute significantly to the harmony and balance of their environments.

Integrating With Minimalism

Minimalism focuses on simplicity and functionality, emphasizing clean lines and uncluttered spaces. Long red runner rugs can strategically break the monotony of minimalist design. A runner rug in a bold red hue adds a splash of color that can light up an otherwise neutral palette. For instance, in a room dominated by white or gray tones, the introduction of a long red runner creates a focal point, drawing the eye naturally along a hallway or beneath a dining table.

When selecting a rug in minimalist settings, consider its size and design. The rug should complement the room’s simplicity rather than overwhelm it. Opting for a solid, streamlined design ensures that the addition remains harmonious with the overall minimal theme. Moreover, the use of natural fibers like wool or cotton aligns well with minimalist principles, as they offer elegance without unnecessary embellishments.

Contrasting Textures and Patterns

The interplay of different textures and patterns can invigorate contemporary spaces. Long red runner rugs provide an excellent opportunity to achieve this contrast. For example, placing a plush red runner against a sleek wooden floor creates a tactile interest that enriches the experience of walking through a room. This contrast not only adds depth to the space but also ensures that different elements within a room work cohesively.

Incorporating other elements with varied textures enhances this approach. Pair a long red runner with smooth metallic decor or matte finish furniture. The visual differences invite curiosity and engagement without straying from a modern aesthetic. Another effective method involves layering rugs. A long red runner can be layered on a larger, neutral rug to create a sense of dimension and warmth in the space.

"The thoughtful contrast of textures and patterns is key to elevating the visual appeal of interior spaces. Long red runner rugs play a pivotal role in this interplay, enhancing both aesthetics and comfort."

By melding long red runner rugs into contemporary design thoughtfully, one ensures that they not only serve practical purposes but also embody a visual narrative that reflects personal style.

Choosing the Right Long Red Runner Rug

Selecting the right long red runner rug is vital in the context of interior design. It goes beyond mere decor; the right rug can enhance the ambiance of a space, contribute to material comfort, and define functional areas within a room. Such choices reflect personal style and item significance, as they articulate how one blends functionality with aesthetics. Given the variety in size, design, and material options, considerations must be made carefully to ensure the rug fulfills its purpose while complementing existing décor.

Size Considerations

Size is an essential factor that cannot be overlooked. Long red runner rugs typically vary significantly in length and width. It is crucial to measure the space where the rug will be placed to achieve the desired look. A runner rug should not only fit well within the area but also correspond to the scale of the furniture surrounding it.

When determining the appropriate size, consider the following:

Area of Placement: For hallways, rugs should ideally run the length of the corridor. In dining areas, the rug should extend at least 24 inches beyond the edge of the table for a cohesive look.
Room Proportions: In smaller spaces, a narrower rug may work better. Conversely, larger rooms can accommodate wider runners, creating a balanced appearance.
Traffic Flow: Ensure there is sufficient space for movement when placing the rug. It shouldn't disrupt walking paths, especially in highly trafficked areas.

A well-sized rug enhances the visual dynamics of a room while offering comfort underfoot.

Selecting Appropriate Designs

The design of a long red runner rug carries considerable weight in its impact on the decor. Color, pattern, and texture should harmonize with the room’s theme. When selecting the design, homeowners should think about:

Color Harmony: While a vibrant red adds warmth, ensure that it complements other colors in the room. This may include walls, furniture, and accessories.
Pattern Consideration: Patterns can greatly affect the perception of space. A simple or solid design may appear more modern, while ornate or intricate patterns add traditional charm.
Texture and Material: Consider how the texture interacts with other surfaces. A plush runner can create warmth, while a smooth finish might be more contemporary.

Upon choosing, it is wise to visualize how the rug will look in situ. If feasible, using samples can help gauge its effect before making a final decision.

"The right long red runner rug does not only serve as a decorative piece; it is an essential building block in the overall interior landscape."

Innovative Uses of Runner Rugs

Long red runner rugs offer more than aesthetic appeal; they also provide innovative solutions that expand their use beyond traditional settings. From outdoor spaces to artistic displays, runner rugs can significantly change the atmosphere and functionality of an area. Understanding these innovative uses is vital for homeowners, event planners, and design enthusiasts alike. They can transform mundane spaces, enhance outdoor areas, and contribute a unique flair to artistic endeavors.

Creative Outdoor Applications

Outdoor spaces demand functionality alongside beauty. Long red runner rugs can accomplish this with ease. They add color and warmth to patios, gardens, and outdoor events. One of the primary benefits of utilizing runner rugs outside is their ability to delineate spaces. Placing them between seating areas or pathways helps guide movement and makes the environment more inviting.

When selecting outdoor runner rugs, consider materials that withstand weather elements. Many outdoor rugs are made from synthetic fibers, such as olefin or polypropylene. These fabrics resist fading and are easy to clean. The unique feature of runner rugs in outdoor settings is the versatility they offer. They can easily complement various decorative themes, from bohemian to modern.

Creating Comfortable Gatherings: While hosting events, placing a long red runner rug can create a communal area for guests. It invites people to sit and engage comfortably.
Enhancing Visual Appeal: The bold color of red can bring vibrancy to garden parties or barbecues.

In these scenarios, functionality is intertwined with aesthetics, making runner rugs a practical yet stylish option.

Artistic Installations and Displays

In the realm of art, long red runner rugs serve as a unique canvas. Their size and shape can be utilized to create striking visual statements. Museums and galleries have begun incorporating these rugs into their layouts, as they can direct flow and draw attention to specific exhibits. Moreover, they can break up large spaces artistically while providing comfort underfoot.

Additionally, consider the emotional impact that color evokes. Red signifies energy and passion. Thus, deploying long red runner rugs in an installation can elevate the viewer's experience. Artisans can experiment by layering the rugs with different textures and patterns to create a multifaceted artwork.

For artists and designers, the incorporation of runner rugs can take on various roles:

Setting a Scene: Creating designated areas for interaction or contemplation.
Color Contrast: Balancing vibrant installations with rich tones of red to guide the viewer's eye.

"Long red runner rugs stand out not only for their functionality but also for their capacity to be integral to artistic expression."

Finale

Long red runner rugs play a significant role in enhancing both the aesthetic appeal and functional advantages of interior spaces. Their versatile nature allows them to fit various design preferences, making them suitable for both modern and traditional homes. This article has outlined key aspects, from the materials that influence durability to the design trends that highlight their vibrant color. Choosing a long red runner rug should not only consider how it fits within the overall decor but also its ability to provide comfort and utility.

Recap of Key Points

Aesthetic Impact: The color red evokes strong emotions and can energize a space, influencing decor choices and overall ambiance.
Practical Benefits: Runner rugs serve essential purposes such as noise reduction and space definition, making them valuable in heavily trafficked areas.
Material Considerations: The durability and maintenance of a rug are largely determined by its material. Options range from wool to synthetic fibers.
Care and Maintenance: Regular cleaning and protective measures ensure the longevity of red runner rugs, enabling them to maintain their appearance over time.
Placement Versatility: They can be integrated into various areas like hallways, living rooms, and dining spaces to enhance both form and function.

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